The transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NF-E2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2) belongs to the Cap 'N' Collar (CNC) family that contains a conserved basic leucine zipper (bZIP) structure. The key function of Nrf2 is to activate the cellular antioxidant response by inducing the transcription of anextensivecollection of genes that are able to prevent the damagi8ng effects of exogenous and endogenous insults, such as xenobiotic and oxidative stress. Nrf2 controls the cellular oxidant level and oxidant signaling by controlling the expression of three groups of ARE-dependent genes: drug metabolizing enzymes/transporters, antioxidant enzymes/proteins, and oxidant signaling proteins. Nrf2 participates in the regulation of oxidant-stimulated programmatic functions, including autophagy, inflammasome assembly, ER stress/UPR, mitochondrial biogenesis, and stem cell regulation.