The refinement of the phenomenology of thermoelectricity made it possible to determine the theoretical limit of diffuse thermoelectricity, which for many years has limited the effectiveness of thermoelectric devices based on the macroscopic effects of Seebeck and Peltier. The expansion of the phenomenology of thermoelectricity due to the account of the giant concentration force made it possible to explain local thermoelectric effects in semiconductor structures that do not have a diffuse limitation of the efficiency of energy conversion. Based on local thermoelectric effects, the effectiveness of thermoelectric devices can be radically improved. In addition, local thermoelectric effects are needed to optimize the performance of any nano- and microelectronic devices