1.Introduction

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The over 40 years long War on cancer forced by the U.S. National Cancer Act of 1971 and performed by National Cancer Institute (1971-2012) was recently proclaimed as a dismal failure [1;2] because the bankruptcy of its theoretical bases. The disease continues to spread throughout the nation (and the world) with growing intensity. The existed poverty of oncologic knowledge became obvious. Oncology could not find its place among the leaders of medical research and practice.

A need has emerged to develop far more enlightening knowledge that captures the essentials of cancer, especially its initial biological issues. To understudy the bankrupted paradigm of cancer, only one, the entirely new hypothesis has been proposed and developed, that is, the hypothesis of cancer xenogamous origin, parasitic subsistence, and epidemic transmission [3-5]. In contrast to traditional views these discoveries discredited the modern supposition that cancer is caused by modern lifestyles and physical-chemical environments. The studies show the origins of this disease lay in the biology of humankind including its evolution, physiology, immunology, bioecology, genetics and selfreproduction.

According to the hypothesis, cancerous disease is a type of invasive disease that is caused by a specialized cancerous parasite, a bio-ecological entity that invades the genome of attacked human body. The multiplicity of traits that belong to cancer are performed by a causative agent of the disease, an unique biological entity that evolved to invade the human body and to subsist in it at the expense of the materials, energy and functions of the invaded organism over consecutive stages of cancer subsistence, beginning from the invasion of victim's with cancerous gamete and finishing with the sexual transmission of cancer among people.

These articles continued the development of the new hypothesis and present the initial results of the first attempt to date the terms and places of the first emergence of cancer epidemics whose traits could have been acquired by humans over their evolution. The attempt has been inspired and supported by the positive results of analogous investigations of epidemics [6-11] that emerged over the ancient wanderings of humankind in varied parts of the World. For instance, Eurasia gave the birth to Influenza (between 50.000 ya and 15.000 ya), HIV (30.000 ya – 15.000 ya), and smallpox (14.000 ya– 10.000 ya) [12].

This article develops the results of a recently pioneered investigation discovered the population differences in human susceptibility to cancer [13]. The investigation was based on the integration of recent achievements in evolutionary immunology, epidemiology, and anthropology of cancerous diseases. The focus of current investigation was on the emergence of differences in hereditary immunity against the disease which has resulted in different population indexes of mortality among 123 populations from across the globe united in four groups of population according to their differences in susceptibility to cancer: a group of the 43 most susceptible populations, a group of Indigenous Australians, a group of the 32 most resistant populations, and a group of 47 less resistant populations. Intriguing differences in the geographic disposition of the groups have been revealed and interpreted. The issues of origin, evolution, geographic disposition and dating of discovered differences are interpreted and discussed.

2.The Case Report

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A 65-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital for routine control for hypertension. On clinical examination, a non-tender mass of 2 cm was palpated on the left side of the neck. Laboratory investigations revealed an albumin-corrected serum calcium (Ca) concentration of 12.4 mg/dl (normal, 8.6-10 mg/dl), a serum phosphorus (P) concentration of 2.2 mg/dl (normal, 2.4-5.1 mg/dl), and an intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) concentration of 437 pg/ml (normal, 12-88 pg/ml). Free thyroxine (FT4; 0.84 ng/dl [normal, 0.8-1.58 ng/dl]), triiodothyronine (FT3; 4.68 pg/dl [normal, 2.3-5.1 pg/ml]) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH; 0.951 uU/ml [normal, 0.36-7.6 uU/ml]) concentrations were all within normal limits. 25(OH) Vitamin D was 42 ng/ml. All other clinical and laboratory examinations were normal.

Neck ultrasound (US) showed multiple, solid, hypo-echoic nodules of the thyroid gland. The largest nodule measured 12x14x12 mm, was located at the inferior pole of the left lobe, and included a cystic area and macro-calcifications. Another nodule, measuring 11x10x9 mm, was localized to the junction of the left lobe with the isthmus and included punctate calcifications. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of both nodules yielded benign results.

US also revealed a nodule on the inferior posterior of the left lobe of the thyroid gland, measuring 1,5x2,5x1,5 cm. This nodule was suspected as parathyroid adenoma. Immediate and late post injection Tc-99m MIBI scans showed no uptake, consistent with a parathyroid adenoma.

Renal function tests were within normal limits, including a serum urea concentration of 40.7 mg/dl (normal, 19-50 mg/dl), a serum creatinine concentration of 0.78 mg/dl (normal, 0.5-1.1 mg/dl) and a glomerular filtration rate of 111 mL/min/1.73m2. US showed no evidence of nephrolithiasis. Bone mineral densitometry indicated osteopenia.

Due to suspected parathyroid carcinoma, the patient was referred for surgery, consisting of parathyroidectomy and left lobectomy. Total thyroidectomy was not planned because FNAC showed that the thyroid nodules were benign. Rather, left lobectomy was performed as a part of unblock resection of the parathyroid operation. Four gland exploration was performed during operation as routinely done in parathyroid carcinoma cases. Therapeutic central/lateral neck dissection was not performed because there was no suspicious lymph nodes. Post-surgical monitoring of the patient for hungry bone syndrome was negative. Her post-operative albumin-corrected serum Ca concentration was 7.8 mg/dl, serum P was 4.3 mg/dl and iPTH was 56 pg/dl.

Histopathology of the resected specimen showed a parathyroid carcinoma in the left lower parathyroid gland and a co-occurring papillary carcinoma of the left lower lobe of the thyroid gland. The parathyroid tumor measured 1,4 x 2,5 cm, showed invasion of the capsule and adjacent tissue and had positive surgical margins (Figure 1a-c). Vascular invasion and abnormal mitoses were observed. Ki-67 proliferation index was 5%. The TPC was 5 mm in diameter (occult) and capsule invasion was positive (Figure 1d). This tumor was classified as T3NxMx. The patient therefore underwent total thyroidectomy and central lymph node dissection. Another focus of papillary carcinoma, measuring 2 mm in diameter, was detected on the right lobe. Lymph nodes were negative for the carcinoma. Due to capsule invasion of the TPC, the patient was treated with radioactive iodine therapy.

The patient was screened for metastasis of the PC by thoracic and abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and bone scintigraphy. No metastasis was detected. Follow-up includes periodic measurements of serum PTH and albumin-corrected Ca concentrations.

3.Discussion

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Co-occurring thyroid pathologies are common in patients with PHPT, with rates reported to range from 17% to 84% in patients undergoing neck exploration for PHPT [3-9]. In contrast, the synchronous occurrence of parathyroid and differentiated thyroid carcinoma is a rare situation. A search of the literature found only six previous reports of synchronous parathyroid and non-medullary thyroid carcinoma [10-15].

The etiology of PC is unknown. Predisposing factors may include exposure to radiation, prolonged secondary hyperparathyroidism, adenoma or a hyperplastic parathyroid gland. Mutations in the HRPT2, or CDC73, gene have been linked to the pathogenesis of PC [16]. A retrospective review of 12,037 patients with parathyroid adenoma and 83 with parathyroid cancer in the Swedish Family Cancer Database from 1958 to 2008 analyzed the risk of developing other malignancies. The risk of parathyroid cancer was found to be [elevated in patients previously diagnosed with thyroid cancer or parathyroid adenoma. The association with parathyroid adenoma may be attributed to HRPT2 gene mutations. However, the factors associated with the elevated risk of parathyroid cancer after thyroid cancer remains unknown.

The incidence of PHPT has increased since measurements of serum Ca became a routine part of clinical practice. PC is a rare cause of PHPT, accounting for less than 1% of such cases [2]. Because both carcinoma and adenoma of the parathyroid may present with similar clinical and laboratory findings, diagnosis is difficult to establish. Unlike benign parathyroid disease, approximately half of patients with PC present with a palpable neck mass. Our patient had a nontender, palpable mass on the left side of her neck. US also showed the presence of a parathyroid adenoma, measuring 1,5x2,5x1,5 cm. Guidelines indicate that parathyroid lesions >3 cm in patients with serum Ca concentrations >3 mmol/l (>12 mg/dl) should be suspected of being PC [17]. Serum Ca concentrations in patients with PC range from 14.6 to 15.9 mg/dL (3.7 to 4.0 mmol/L), with up to 75% having albumin-corrected Ca concentrations >14 mg/dL (>3.5 mmol/L) [18]. The serum Ca concentration of the patient described here was 12.4 mg/dL (>3 mmol/L). Suspicion of PC is important in determining the surgical approach, since more aggressive surgical excision has been associated with a higher cure rate [17].

Tc-99m MIBI is currently utilized for parathyroid localization. Most false-negative results are due to small lesion size. Another reason may be related to cellular function [19]. Parathyroid tissue expressing P-glycoprotein or multi-drug resistance related protein (MRP) does not accumulate MIBI [20]. Mitochondria-rich oxyphil cells show greater uptake of MIBI; thus, parathyroid glands with fewer oxyphil cells may yield false negative results [21]. Thus, negative results on MIBI scans do not exclude parathyroid lesions if there is clinical suspicion.

Our patient had two nodules on the left lobe of her thyroid, with FNAC showing that both were benign. The false negative rate on FNAC is about 5% [22]; thus, thyroid nodules yielding negative results require follow-up in patients who have undergone only parathyroidectomy. The question came to mind is if the parathyroid adenoma targeted for FNAC? Measuring PTH in wash fluid after FNAC would be useful in a presumed parathyroid adenoma.

PC patients are more likely to have metabolic bone (34 to 73%) and renal disease (32 to 70%) compared to those with benign adenomas [23]. Our patient did not have any renal or metabolic bone disease complications. Osteoporosis was not presented, despite it is highly probable in a post menopausal woman with hyperparathyroidism. This was probably due to patient’s early stage.

4.Concusion

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we have presented a rare case of synchronous parathyroid and thyroid papillary carcinoma. Coexistent thyroid pathologies including differentiated cancers may occur frequently in patients with parathyroid lesions. Thus, the thyroid should be evaluated in patients with PHPT.

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